By Bob Lewis

Tired of talking politics at the Thanksgiving dinner table? Instead, entertain your family and friends by talking turkey –  specifically, our increasing population of Wild Turkeys in California.

Today, a quarter-million or more Wild Turkeys make their home in the Golden State. Maybe some are spending time in your neighborhood!

But in fact, this specific species—Meleagris gallopavo (comprising four distinct subspecies and their hybrids with the Rio Grande subspecies being the most widespread)—is not considered native to California. Scientific American wrote in a 2016 blog post:

“Some 10,000–12,000 years ago, another smaller species with different morphological characteristics, the extinct Meleagris californica, did exist in southern California as evidenced by the more than 11,100 bones from at least 791 different birds found in the Rancho La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. In fact, the second most abundant fossils in the Tar Pits belong to M.californica. Exactly why M. californica—originally described as a peacock—became extinct thousands of years ago in California is not known but it has been suggested that decreasing rainfall led to a loss of essential vegetation.”

Wild Turkeys by Bob Lewis

The California Fish and Game Commission introduced thousands of farm-raised turkeys into the wild from the early 1900s through the 1950s, as part of a recreational hunting initiative. But the population remained flat, probably because these turkeys lacked the skills to survive in the wild.

From 1959 through 1999, however, the Commission shifted gears and released thousands of live-trapped wild turkeys (mostly of the Rio Grande subspecies from Texas) at over 200 locations. These wild birds had no problem adapting. In fact, their population grew and their territory expanded broadly throughout the state.

Here in the Bay Area, our Oakland Christmas Bird Count recorded its first Wild Turkey in 2002. We treated it as a rare sighting back then!

Wild Turkeys by Bob Lewis Wild Turkeys by Bob Lewis

Since then the numbers have rapidly increased, and in 2015 we reported 263 Wild Turkeys in the Oakland CBC. (Last year the number dropped slightly.) Although some note the “reintroduction” of the turkey in California has been successful, as the blog above notes, the ancient California Turkey was a different species, now extinct. So it seems more correct to note the “successful” introduction of non-native Wild Turkeys into our state.

Most of the turkeys we see are the Rio Grande subspecies, identified by buff-colored tips to their tails.…

By Ilana DeBare
We often talk about the bird life at Pier 94, the former waterfront dump site owned by the Port of San Francisco that we have been restoring as wildlife habitat since 2002. But Pier 94 is also becoming rich habitat for butterflies!
With support from a private family foundation, we contracted with San Francisco lepidopterist Liam O’Brien to conduct a year-long survey of butterflies, moths, and their host plants at Pier 94. Liam’s study took place from August 2016 through July 2017. We gathered additional data from a BioBlitz there in April 2017.
While we knew that some butterfly species were present at Pier 94, we were impressed by the range of species documented by Liam. Of 34 butterfly species found in San Francisco County, 20 were present at Pier 94.
The survey results  — in particular, which plants are hosts or nectar sources for our native butterfly species — are now informing our restoration work. This fall and winter, we’ll be planting specific plants to support butterflies, such as perennial grasses and deer weed in the upland area of the site.
Following are just a few of the butterfly and moth species Liam found. All photos by Liam O’Brien:
Anise Swallowtail (Papilio zelicaon) historically relied on native marsh plants such as angelica and cow parsnip, but today is found on the non-native fennel that dominates the edges of Pier 94.
Common Buckeye (Junonia coenia) is abundant during fall and can be found on native monkey flower and non-native English plantain.
Large Marble (Euchre ausonides) is a native butterfly often mistaken for a Cabbage White. Feeds on non-native mustards and wild radish.
Eastern-Tailed Blue (Cupido comyntas). This was only the second time Liam found this butterfly in San Francisco County; the first time was a decade ago at Fort Funston.
Ornate Tiger Moth (Grammia ornate). The males are attracted to light, but females like this one can be found flying slowly during daylight.
Acmon Blue (Plebejus acumen) hosts on perennial buckwheats and relies on coyote bush in the fall for nectar. Males are sky blue, females blue in spring and slate grey in fall. Both sexes have orange bands across their top hind wings.
Western Pygmy Blue (Brephidium exile) is present all year. It hosts (lays eggs) on native salt marsh plants such as pickle weed and California sea blite.
Field Crescent (Phyciodes pulchella). Liam was excited to find this one since its host, California aster, is rather sparse at Pier 94.…

By Ilana DeBare 
Ten years ago — on November 7, 2007 — the Cosco Busan container ship struck a tower supporting the Bay Bridge and released 54,000 gallons of fuel into San Francisco Bay.
The spill was disastrous for wildlife, killing thousands of birds and blackening shorelines throughout the region.
Golden Gate Bird Alliance played a leading role in documenting the damage, mobilizing 250 volunteers to conduct bird surveys in the days after the spill. Through the incident, GGBA and its partner organizations learned some valuable lessons in how to respond to spills.
But the bigger lessons of the Cosco Busan are sobering and have not yet been taken to heart by our country’s leaders.
“If there’s anything we learned ten years ago in San Francisco Bay, it’s that one small mistake can quickly kill a lot of birds and destroy places we care about deeply,” said Andrea Jones, Director of Bird Conservation for Audubon California. “Now that the federal government is pushing for new drilling, it’s important to remember what’s at risk.”
Oiled Western Grebe after Cosco Busan spill / Photo by Eddie Bartley
The anniversary of San Francisco Bay’s worst oil spill comes as the Trump Administration pushes for increased oil drilling off the California coast. At the president’s direction, the Commerce Department just completed a report outlining potential changes to allow oil drilling within national marine sanctuaries – including the Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary just off the Golden Gate Bridge. The Department of Interior is currently studying removing restrictions on new offshore drilling on the outer continental shelf.

The 2007 spill by the 900-foot Cosco Busan affected people, estuarine and marine wildlife, habitats, the fishing industry, and recreation across several counties. It happened in the middle of winter migration, the worst time and the worst place imaginable. Millions of waterbirds were arriving from the Arctic and Boreal forests to either winter here or rest during their southward migration – only to encounter oily water.
Oiled Surf Scoter after Cosco Busan spill / Photo by Eddie Bartley
Cosco Busan, where it hit the bridge tower / Photo by Scott Epperson
San Francisco Bay has been designated an Important Bird Area of Global Significance by Audubon because it hosts well over a million birds annually and has some of the last remaining wetlands in California. It is host to the largest shorebird concentration on the US Pacific Coast.
“Almost immediately following the spill, there were reports of dead and dying birds in the Bay,” said Jones.…

By Steve and Carol Lombardi
So there I was, standing in a marsh staring at a bird that my Sibley’s field guide identified as N. nycticorax or Black-crowned Night-Heron. As I leafed through my field guide I found myself wondering where the scientific and English names came from, who decided on the spelling, why the scattered capitals, and really—who jammed those hyphens into the common name?
Of course, we all learned in high school how Carl Linnaeus invented binomial nomenclature in the 1700s, giving a Latinized Genus species name to every organism. Since 1895, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) has been the primary body for assigning scientific names to animals. (As you would guess, there’s an organization that names plants, too: the ICN.[1]) Thus, the history of the name N. nycticorax is well documented, and there is little argument about the bird’s scientific name, spelling, or capitalization.
However, it gets a little trickier when we start talking about common names. People have complained for hundreds of years about the lack of uniformity in common names of all living things. Yet there are only a handful of organisms whose names have been standardized by some organizing body.[2] Birds are one of these few.
Someone decided this would be a Black-crowned Night-Heron and not a Red-eyed Night-Heron. Photo by Bill Walker
In the United States, the American Ornithological Society (formerly the American Ornithological Union and still usually referred to as the AOU) maintains—and occasionally rearranges—the taxonomy of bird species in North America. Reputable American field guides and online sources like the Cornell allaboutbirds website use the AOU taxonomy. The AOU Checklists link each scientific name with one standardized English-language common name.
The AOU uses a detailed protocol to determine the naming, spelling, capitalization, and hyphenation of both formal and common names. Hence, the bird staring at me with its unsettling red eyes is listed in the seventh edition of the AOU Checklist as Nycticorax nycticorax with the standardized common name “Black-crowned Night-Heron.” Note the hyphenated “Night-Heron.” The first AOU Checklist in 1886, wherein they made the case for standardizing common names and spellings, lists the bird as “Black-crowned Night Heron” (no hyphen).[3]
First edition of AOU Checklist, 1886
Capitalization, then hyphenation.
The practice of capitalizing common names goes back hundreds of years in the scientific community. The AOU capitalized common bird names even before their first edition of the Checklist, yet newspapers and most other general interest publications insist on using lowercase for common names.…

By Ilana DeBare

Talk about grand finales! Golden Gate Bird Alliance’s traveling Centennial exhibit arrived at its final venue of 2017 this month – Lindsay Wildlife Experience in Walnut Creek – and looked like it had been designed to fit that exact space.

Over 150 GGBA members and friends gathered to launch the exhibit on Sunday, October 15, a beautiful afternoon that came after the week of terrible North Bay wildfires.

They were welcomed by Lindsay’s expert wildlife rehabilitation volunteers offering close-up views of some of their live, rescued birds, including a Northern Barred Owl and Great Grey Owl.

Attendees then browsed the colorful 14-panel exhibit on GGBA and its accomplishments, along with a display of striking taxidermied birds from the Lindsay collection. Kudos to GGBA staffmember Clay Anderson for hanging the taxidermied specimens so beautifully!

The Centennial exhibit fit beautifully in Lidnsay’s downstairs space. Photo by Ilana DeBare Belted Kingfisher from the Lindsay taxidermy collection / Photo by Ilana DeBare

GGBA board member Jill Weader O’Brien and Lindsay Wildlife board member Elizabeth McWhorter welcomed the crowd, as did Ariana Rickard, representing Mount Diablo Audubon Society, which serves the Walnut Creek area. Then GGBA Executive Dirctor Cindy Margulis gave a passionate summary of the importance of GGBA’s work – made even more salient by events like the recent fires that put the people, landscapes, and wildlife of Northern California at risk.

Of course there was a 100^th birthday cake, frosted with images of some of the species that GGBA has protected over the years: Western Snowy Plover, California Least Tern, Black Oystercatcher, Black-crowned Night-Heron, Burrowing Owl. (So some members went home able to make the unusual claim, “I ate a Burrowing Owl.”)

Happy 100th bird-day! Photo by Ilana DeBare Some of the attendees at the Centennial launch reception at Lindsay Wildlife Experience. Photo by Ilana DeBare.

If you couldn’t attend the launch party, you can still enjoy and take part in the Centennial!

• An anonymous donor has offered $10,000 in matching funds for GGBA in honor of the Centennial. To help achieve this match, we need your tax-deductible donation by October 31^st. Click here to give easily and securely online, or send a check to Golden Gate Bird Alliance, Attn: Centennial Match, 2530 San Pablo Avenue, Suite G, Berkeley CA 94702.
• Come visit the exhibit at Lindsay! It will be on display in two areas of the museum — upstairs in the Buckeye Room and also on the lower level–  through February 2018.

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